An Expose on Urban Poverty during the Gilded Ages as a member of the Essay

An Expose on Urban Poverty during the Gilded Ages as a member of the Progressive Party - Essay Example As an active member of the party fully dedicated to the cause of eliminating poverty and bringing justice in the country, I attack the social evil of child labor also. Child labor prevents us as a nation from getting ahead and overcome this chaotic economic contraction which engulfs our country in the present times. In order to overthrow this contraction and become a modernized and successful nation, every person needs to stand up against social disorder with full zeal and do everything possible in individual capacity to become economically flourished. All Progressives should tirelessly work to address a wide range of issues from slum housing to child labor to drugs to control urban poverty (Noble 58). It should not be forgotten that these evils are generated by rapid industrialization of America which has left many bewildered and confused about the right course of action. As an active Progressive, I advocate implementation of new social policies and reforms in the country which inst ead of being based on orthodox methods would be able to address the needs of the current

People and IT Essay Example for Free

People and IT Essay Both employees of organizations and managers are today increasingly concerned about the capacity of organizations to adapt to rapidly changing environmental conditions. The rate of change in the technological, economic, political, and sociocultural environments is picking up speed, and organizations are, therefore, finding it more and more important to figure out how to adapt. What is happening in a number of organizations is more fundamental still, however, in that either what the organization does is fundamentally dependent on information technology and/or its capacity to compete with other organizations in the field is fundamentally affected by the use made of information technology (IT). Ever since at least 1958, when Leavitt and Whisler (1958) predicted that the use of IT would lead to the demise of middle management, researchers have speculated about the effects of IT on organizations. Even though many of the early predictions have not come true, new kinds of information technology are now increasingly affecting how people work, often in ways that we are just beginning to understand. As the cost of the underlying technology continues to drop, IT is almost certain to become more and more pervasive and may even make possible new kinds of work organization that we can as yet only barely imagine. This work discusses the relationship between the use of IT and people. The paper reviews theories that can help analyze organizations, technology, and the link between the two. It also reviews the results of empirical studies of the use of IT to determine what changes have been made in the past and can be expected in the future. Our goal here is both to predict inevitable impacts and to discover possible outcomes, both good and bad. Our ability to develop technology itself is probably more advanced than our theories of organizations, but our understanding of the uses of technology is probably behind our understanding of organizations. It is still difficult to identify the relevant dimensions of technology or to measure it, although it is clear that there are large differences between, for example, personal computers and mainframes. The task to which the IT is applied also makes a difference. For example, a payroll system has greatly different functions and is likely to have different effects than an electronic mail system does. An early common prediction was that the widespread use of IT would replace most routine workers, thus causing massive unemployment, and in fact, systems have often been cost justified on the basis of reducing the number of employees. For instance, Lee (2000) cited a study of 33 companies in which 90 percent cut the number of employees (one company laying off thousands of workers) or increased their output with the same number of staff. The prediction of an overall reduction in employment due to the use of IT is difficult to support empirically, however, as most studies have, examined only a few firms or a few industries, and more comprehensive census data are difficult to interpret unequivocally. Furthermore, other factors may more strongly affect employment, thereby masking the effect of using IT. In fact, it is interesting to note that IT may, in some cases, increase rather than decrease employment. For instance, Barney, Fuerst, and Mata (1995) listed several means by which the use of IT may affect clerical employment. First, computers might be used simply to replace clerks. Second, the use of IT may itself create some new jobs, such as that of data entry clerks or positions in the data-processing department. Third, the use of computers may make the firm more efficient, increasing the demand for its products and thus indirectly its total level of employment. Finally, coordination may be viewed as a complementary input in the production process. For instance, if IT makes coordination more effective and less expensive, the demand for coordination and therefore for both IT and the clerks who provide it may increase. This analysis holds only for coordination functions, however, suggesting that clerks employed in production functions are more likely to be displaced by the use of IT. The total effect of using IT on the employment of managers may be less, as fewer managers are involved in production than in coordination. The jobs of most managers are so far less affected by the automation of production functions than are those of clerks. In this case, the smaller number of production workers and the unchanged number of managers and other coordination workers indicate that the administrative intensity (the ratio of administrative to production workers) may actually rise if IT is used to automate production functions. The use of IT would affect the jobs of workers in production more than those in coordination, again increasing administrative intensity. A number of studies agree with this general prediction. For instance, Kudyba and Hoptroff (2001) found that an increased use of computers is associated with higher levels of administrative intensity. One of Kudyba and Hoptroff (2001) original predictions is that the number of levels of hierarchy in organizations will decrease as computers are used to perform the functions of those middle managers. So far, however, there is no conclusive evidence that this prediction has been realized. Changes in levels of hierarchy seem to depend on the way the IT is used, and different studies have reported opposite findings. U. S.  Department of Commerce (1998), for example, discussed firms that are reducing bureaucratic functions with computers and thus trimming the number of levels of hierarchy. Another commonly discussed possibility is that centralizing decision making is inherently desirable to managers and that decentralization takes place only because no single person can control the necessary resources (e. g. , information, employees) because of limitations in humans information-processing capacity. These constraints force managers to delegate control over some decisions in order to focus on more important issues. The use of IT may lessen these constraints in two ways: first, by providing easier access to and facilitating more complete analyses of data regarding the firms operations and, second, by providing a mechanism to program jobs and to control workers. The use of IT may thus permit decisions to be made at a higher level and ensure their implementation by subordinates. Alternatively, a manager may want to encourage the decentralization of decisions in order to increase workers autonomy. Some authors have predicted that IT will encourage greater participation in decisions by lower-level workers. IT provides ways to control the premise of the decision, by allowing more equal access to data or by controlling the way in which a decision is made, and to monitor the results, by providing quicker feedback. Given the ability to ensure that decisions are made consistent with their wishes, managers may be willing to delegate the actual decision. Systems used to provide individual support may also encourage decentralization, as they enlarge an individuals capacity to analyze data or enforce the use of common decision analysis tools. IT can also support lateral ties between low-level workers, allowing them more easily to exchange information and thus coordinate their own activities. Another possible impact of using IT is the development of more differentiated or segmented jobs. Differentiation is difficult to define or measure precisely. Researchers in this area have measured, for example, the number of job titles used in a given organization or the number of different departments. It seems certain that using IT will require some new jobs and departments, such as a data-processing or telecommunications group, if only to manage the complex technology. Using IT in newspapers did lead to the creation of new specialties, such as data-processing manager. It is less clear how using IT will affect other functions in an organization. IT could lead to a reintegration of some tasks (e. g. , handling all aspects of issuing a letter of credit, instead of a single step in a multistep process). Such a reintegration would minimize the differentiation between jobs or departments. Or a higher level of functional specialization could raise the degree of differentiation. The use of IT can affect the level of formality in an organization in many ways. Most older centralized transaction-processing systems are inflexible. Because such systems can do things in only one way, rules are needed to limit actions to this process. The system itself embodies many rules about how the job should be done, again substituting the use of rules and regulations for individual decision making. A system may also make it easier to spot errors and identify their sources, thus further controlling work. Using IT may encourage the evaluation of outcomes instead of process and make the enforcement of rules both easier and less necessary by more quickly providing feedback about the outcomes of actions, thus decreasing formality. Finally, because smaller organizations are typically less formal, IT may lessen formality by reducing organizational size. The use of IT for individual support or for communications may well have different effects. On the one hand, using telecommunications to allow workers to work at home resulted in less personal interaction and therefore more formal evaluations. On the other hand, using IT could lead to less formalized interactions. IT can affect the pattern and content of organizational communications in many ways. First, the use of IT may lead to changes in the structure of an organization, leading to new patterns of communication or changes in the content or quantity of existing kinds of communication (U. S. Department of Commerce 1998). Integrating jobs, a possible outcome of using IT, can lead to fewer needs for communication, as a single person can do the job with no need to communicate with co-workers. For example, storing transaction data in a commonly accessible data base may make requests for information unnecessary. Such changes may also affect the level of social interactions. Some researchers claim that by integrating tasks, the use of IT eliminates the need and opportunity for workers to interact. For example, Ahituv and Giladi (1993) in a study of using electronic mail, discovered a decrease in the amount of face-to-face communication. Social isolation will be further increased if workers can work at home instead of in an office. On the other hand, the use of IT can lead to more frequent personal contacts, suggesting that different uses of IT will have very different effects. Second, IT may be used to provide new media for communication, such as electronic mail or computer conferencing, again leading to new patterns of communication. These kinds of systems have been somewhat more heavily studied, and some important characteristics of these systems have been identified. For example, computerized media may be preferable to other kinds of communication because they can be faster and cheaper. Furthermore, computerized communication has a low incremental cost per message; that is, it costs the sender about the same to send a message to one person as it does to two; if the system supports mailing lists, it may be as easy to send mail to hundreds of people, specifying only the name of the list. This form of bulk mailing eliminates the need for secretaries to duplicate and mail multiple copies of memos. Finally, electronic mail or conferencing are asynchronous: Only one of the recipients needs to be present at a time, making communications easier to arrange (e. g. , across time zones). By thus reducing the cost of communications, IT may make coordination less expensive, with the possible results just enumerated. Such uses of IT will be necessary to allow organizations to deal with the more complex and more turbulent post-industrial environment, with more available information. The ability to address communications by other than the name of the recipient (e. g. , to a mailing list for electronic mail or to a specific conference for computer conferencing) means that a sender may not know the person with whom he or she is communicating, but only the area of interest. Computers can be used to support this sort of communication. By providing new communications channels, computerized media may facilitate the formation of â€Å"weak† (acquaintance) ties. People become aware of one another and one anothers work, even though they have not met in person, thereby suggesting that the computer system allows these contacts to develop more easily. Easier formation of weak ties may also lead to a shift from hierarchical to â€Å"all-channel† communications in companies. Some studies have shown an initial increase in vertical communication, followed by a shift to more evenly distributed communications as new horizontal links are formed and the formal reporting system begins to decline in (relative) importance. One way that IT can affect the vertical distribution of power in a firm is by changing who has access to information. For example, a computer system may provide an easier way to monitor the results of subordinates actions and to speed the flow of information upward in the company, thus centralizing power. IT can also be used to decentralize, thus moving power down in the organization. For example, a universally accessible data base can reduce top managements monopoly on companywide information. The use of IT may thus change the basis of power by making information a less scarce resource. To the extent that vertical power is thereby equalized, other sources of power will become more important. The use of IT can also change the balance of power between groups at the same organizational level of a firm. For example, a common computer system may lead to greater data sharing and thus power equalization between groups at the same level. This cooperation may then lead to greater coordination, allowing better performance, as the two groups can jointly optimize, rather than each trying to do the best it can alone. As we mentioned, using IT can greatly increase the power of the group that controls the technology. IT may become critical to the firms operation: most banks, for example, would be completely unable to function if their computer systems failed. The group controlling the computer systems may also control access to data, a potentially scarce resource. The IT group thus may be in a position to mediate between other groups, for example, by setting corporate standards for computer equipment or software, thus defining the functions available even to users of personal computers. In the information-processing view, IT has a major effect, by providing cheaper coordination and thus making coordination-intensive forms more practical. A company might take advantage of economies of scale by creating larger functional departments, using IT to provide the necessary coordination among different groups. For example, different divisions of a company could all use data stored in one centralized data base, rather than each having partial information or passing information among themselves. Alternatively, a company could use marketlike structures, again coordinated by using IT. Airlines, for example, now provide an electronic marketplace for selling tickets. The era into which we are now entering will see qualitative changes wrought by information technology. No longer will information technology be simply overlaid onto existing business; it will now be used to restructure the enterprise. This restructuring is taking place between as well as within organizations. The boundary between customer and supplier is becoming difficult to define as electronic integration blurs the distinction. Within organizations, distinctions between information technology and production technology and between information workers and production workers are becoming increasingly difficult to maintain. The electronic communications system occupies the critical path. Communication by electronic means is essential to interorganizational integration and can proceed only at the pace permitted by communication technology. As we have seen, there appear to be few inevitable results of the use of IT and many possible outcomes, depending on factors such as the organizational context, the type of IT used, and managements motivations. Furthermore, the effects of IT are not deterministic: similar systems can and do have widely different effects, depending on the particulars of the organization and the intentions of the managers who deploy them. IT has come to play an important role in virtually all large successful organizations in relation to computerized accounting systems, word processing, filing information in databases, modelling the future of the business through spreadsheets, maintaining stock control, and so on. But most of this would only indicate that IT was an important service function like personnel or accounts. Even so, it is worth pointing out that in order to compete on equal terms with other firms performing with equal efficiency and economy IT has become an essential tool of modern management.

Abortion and the Media :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

On March 11, 1997, US Senate and House Committees met jointly to hear testimony on "Partial-Birth Abortion: The Truth." The following testimony was presented by Helen Alvare, director of Planning and Information of the NCCB, specifying the lack of accuracy, if not purposeful lies, of the media regarding this abortion technique: Another theme that featured prominently in our educational materials was the way that I proponents of partial-birth abortion were repeating false information -- and getting away with it in the press. A few examples will illustrate. I was interviewed last June by Eric Zorn, a columnist from the Chicago Tribune. Mr. Zorn's "thesis," as he explained it to me, was this: if any partial birth abortions were being performed for truly "elective" reasons, for reasons the public would consider nonserious, as the pro-life movement was claiming, the movement should produce the mothers involved. I explained at some length that it wasn't "the movement" claiming that the majority of these procedures were "elective", this fact was asserted by the partial-birth abortion providers themselves. I sent Zorn Dr. Haskell's statements as quoted in the American Medical News. I also sent the charts Dr. McMahon had provided to the Subcommittee on the Constitution in which he had detailed the rationales for abortions he had performed. These documents showed the elective nature of the majority of these procedures -- and in the words of the abortionists themselves. I asked Zorn to reconsider his own logic: aren't patient records confidentia l and in the possession of the abortion providers themselves, I asked? And if you were a woman who had your healthy child aborted would you be eager to go public? Nothing, however, could shake Mr. Zorn's tenacious grip on his thesis. He ended up writing- "That explanation won't do. If these once callous, cruel, selfish women who drive this national debate truly exist, let's hear from ." (June 6, 1996). In a follow-up column, he wrote: "Well, there are late-term abortions, there are "partial-birth" abortions and there are abortions performed for non-medical or elective reasons. We find very little overlap ... because later-term abortions are very rare and almost always performed for serious medical reasons. . .." (June 13, 1996). Since Mr. Zorn's column, regarding the reasons partial-birth abortions are performed, the Bergen Record quoted an abortionist whose clinic performs about 1500 of these per year stating-. "Most are for elective, not medical, reasons: people who didn't realize, or didn't care, how far along they were. Abortion and the Media :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics On March 11, 1997, US Senate and House Committees met jointly to hear testimony on "Partial-Birth Abortion: The Truth." The following testimony was presented by Helen Alvare, director of Planning and Information of the NCCB, specifying the lack of accuracy, if not purposeful lies, of the media regarding this abortion technique: Another theme that featured prominently in our educational materials was the way that I proponents of partial-birth abortion were repeating false information -- and getting away with it in the press. A few examples will illustrate. I was interviewed last June by Eric Zorn, a columnist from the Chicago Tribune. Mr. Zorn's "thesis," as he explained it to me, was this: if any partial birth abortions were being performed for truly "elective" reasons, for reasons the public would consider nonserious, as the pro-life movement was claiming, the movement should produce the mothers involved. I explained at some length that it wasn't "the movement" claiming that the majority of these procedures were "elective", this fact was asserted by the partial-birth abortion providers themselves. I sent Zorn Dr. Haskell's statements as quoted in the American Medical News. I also sent the charts Dr. McMahon had provided to the Subcommittee on the Constitution in which he had detailed the rationales for abortions he had performed. These documents showed the elective nature of the majority of these procedures -- and in the words of the abortionists themselves. I asked Zorn to reconsider his own logic: aren't patient records confidentia l and in the possession of the abortion providers themselves, I asked? And if you were a woman who had your healthy child aborted would you be eager to go public? Nothing, however, could shake Mr. Zorn's tenacious grip on his thesis. He ended up writing- "That explanation won't do. If these once callous, cruel, selfish women who drive this national debate truly exist, let's hear from ." (June 6, 1996). In a follow-up column, he wrote: "Well, there are late-term abortions, there are "partial-birth" abortions and there are abortions performed for non-medical or elective reasons. We find very little overlap ... because later-term abortions are very rare and almost always performed for serious medical reasons. . .." (June 13, 1996). Since Mr. Zorn's column, regarding the reasons partial-birth abortions are performed, the Bergen Record quoted an abortionist whose clinic performs about 1500 of these per year stating-. "Most are for elective, not medical, reasons: people who didn't realize, or didn't care, how far along they were.

Leadership Challenge: Selecting Team Members

When we think leader, we think of the person in charge, the person who is making all the decisions within an organization. We believe that a leader should be charismatic, smart and able to influences others to do what they want and be successful at their role. Nahavandi (2006) defines a leader as a person who influences individuals and groups within an organization, helps them in establishing goals and guides them towards achievement of those goals, which allows them to be effective. In order to be a good leader you will need to be effective in your role. Effective leaders are proven when their supporters achieve their goals, can work together as a team and can adjust to the many changes within the company and the changing demands from exterior forces. Is there a difference between a manager and a leader? Most people would say that a good manager can be a good leader. The functions of a manager are similar to that of a leader; the functions of a manager are to bring order and regularity to the company by planning, budgeting, organizing, staffing directing and controlling. Throughout this report we will show the differences between leading and managing. Should the company move towards a team based, empowered organization and why. We will provide ways in which to deal with resistance to the new changes within the company. Leading vs. Managing Leading and managing is said to be different in the way they organize people. A manager’s role is to capitalize on the output of the company through managerial operation by organization, planning, staffing, directing and controlling. These functions allow the manager to focus on the resources in addition to people while leading focuses on influencing people. Both are needed in order for a company to be successful and effective. They are often considered to be the same thing, the main distinction between leading and managing is that we manage things and lead people. Pascale (1990) states that a managers do things right, while leaders do the right thing. You will need to lead the managers into the need of a team-based environment which will allow them to manage the lowest level employee to achieve their goals. The effectiveness of teamwork in a transfer to a team-based organization, consistency improvement practices by showing them learning by leading as an example, mentoring and guided delegation are important to improve the social effectiveness of the team as a whole. Team-based, empowered organization Moving to a team based environment in order to increase customer satisfaction can be considered to be a good thing for the company on a whole. Allowing the lower level employees the ability to make decisions that are within the best interest of the customer and that will benefit the company. They will get a sense of pride in their work because they are more involved in the development and decision making process of the company. There are many companies today who operate under a team-based environment, like 3M, General Electric and Deere & Co. They are known for their good management practice. While other companies were moving toward a more technology environment Deere realized to having a world class company was in the organizing its people. Deere brought their product and manufacturing engineering team together to create the yellow backhoe loader-digger. By doing so Deere the teams shift from tentative synchronized engineering to organized united engineering. Both teams were involved from the design phase to the production phase. In 1988 for the first time Deere had everyone from all the department involve in the production of their new machine, tool design, welding, product and manufacturing engineering, purchasing, the shop floor, and the accounting department. Moving your company to a team-based environment will benefit everyone involve from the lowest level employee to the managers and executive.

Impact Of Offshore Exploration And Exploitation Environmental Sciences Essay

Literally called stone oil, Petroleum is a Grecian word for petra significance stone and oleum significance oil. The Concise Oxford English Dictionary defines it as of course happening flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of different molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, which are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth ‘s surface. This formation beneath the Earth frequently takes topographic point over a long period of clip, say eons. It originates from the remains of antediluvian workss and animate beings ( zooplanktons and algae ) that were buried and compressed beneath 1000s of pess of claies, stones and littorals. Through the interaction of certain geologic conditions, these organic stuffs are so transformed by subsurface heat and overburden force per unit area into hydrocarbon compounds we is called crude oil ( rough oil and natural gas ) . For many centuries, crude oil resources and its byproducts have been discovered and used for assorted human activities. In the modern epoch, these resources are sought and exploited from locations that are more hard and risky to entree, including the offshore. Resources deposited in the offshore countries are no different from those found onshore as they contain the same sort of hydrocarbon substances. For illustration, a signifier of natural gas called gas hydrate is available both offshore and onshore but seaward resources are of greater involvement because of their volume and potency for future large-scale development. The ground for this increased and outstanding involvement in offshore crude oil geographic expedition and development in this present century is that many onshore crude oil resources have either been exhausted, are no longer economically executable, or are unable to be to the full developed due to limitations of national ownership or geopolitical jobs. This notwithstanding, the value of energy-rich crude oil in all of its signifiers lies in the many merchandises that can be made from it and the importance of their utilizations. Crude oil, natural gas and other hydrocarbon compounds are the bases of the fuel merchandises that are indispensable for modern manners of transit, which are preponderantly fuelled by motor gasolene, jet fuel, and Diesel fuel. Petroleum besides provides fuels for warming, industrial fabrication procedures, and the coevals of electricity. Petroleum resources can besides be converted into petrochemicals and its derived functions such as plastics, pharmaceutical ingredients and edifice stuffs, which represent other parts of the petroleum-source market. Economically, demand and supply factors drive the investings and operations that the crude oil industry makes in researching and working crude oil resources. With high crude oil monetary values in the market, the industry can afford to bring forth resources that might otherwise be uneconomic and can put in new engineerings to make resources that would otherwise be unavailable. When crude oil monetary values in the market are low, even proved militias may non be produced because the cost of development and production would non let any net income for operators. Since crude oil resources define modern trade forms, excite both international selling and the possible for war, the force per unit area to spread out resource development to the offshore countries is inevitable as this will relieve the jobs of increased planetary demand for crude oil and its byproducts, reduced supplies onshore and buffer the current lifting addition in merchandises monetary values.POTENTIAL IMPACTSFor decennaries, our oceans were protected from offshore oil boring but with the increased demand for crude oil resources globally and depletion of same onshore, attending has shifted to the offshore environment. In 2008 for case, former American president Bush, lifted a White House moratorium on offshore boring and the Congress subsequently followed by leting a Federal prohibition on boring to run out. In March 2010, the Obama disposal indicated that they would besides potentially allow boring along several once protected coastlines, mid- and south Atlantic seashore and in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Barely had that been agreed upon, the black deepwater skyline oil boring runaway in April of 2010 came. This released about 200 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico ; fouled beaches and coastal wetlands from Louisiana to Florida ; killed birds, fishes and marine mammals ; and devastated the diversion and fishing-based economic systems of the Gulf provinces ( Ref ) . Fortunately, these hideous developments caused the Obama disposal to revoke on its earlier class and on December 1, 2012 it was announced that the East and West seashores every bit good as the eastern Gulf be continuously protected from offshore boring. Despite this recent event in the Gulf of Mexico, the oil industry and others affiliated to the industry are still clamoring for the continuance of seaward oil boring. This enlargement of development offshore, will non be without the attendant effects that the resource geographic expedition and development will hold on the Marine environment, the life signifiers that live therein and the worlds at big.BackgroundThis subheading will be a elaborate penetration into the seaward oilfield platform where the research will be carried out. It will state the twelvemonth of the oilfield ‘s find, the block or blocks where the resource is found, the existent location of the oilfield in kilometers north, E, West or South in relation to other environing oilfields and/or countries ; and the H2O deepness ( TVDSS ) at which the resource is located. Other parametric quantities will include the oilfield ‘s geologic age ( Mesozoic, Middle Jurassic or Cenozoic etc ) , the reservoir type ( sandstone or shale ) , the estimated militias ( STOIIP in MMstb unit ) and recoverable sums of militias. It will depict the seismal activity that led to the formation of t he field, the extent to which the field has been developed, grade of complexness of geological fault and its attendant construction. The quality of the reservoir, the formations with the most productive intervals or dramas, its temperature, force per unit area ( and likely force per unit area at which depletion is expected ) . The belongingss of the reserve- API gravitation in ( 0 ) , GOR in ( scf/bbl ) will besides be provided. With the increased force per unit area to beginning for options to onshore oil resources offshore, the appraisal of the inauspicious impacts of the quest for crude oil and it derivatives to run into planetary demand raises a batch of concerns such as: Environmental sensitiveness and hazards to marine ecosystems Lack of scientific discipline on marine ecosystem as this is a field with really limited certification sing geographic expedition Built-in hazard of deepwater boring Inadequate resources for regulative inadvertence Unproved oil spill response There are serious environmental impact associated with each phase of seaward boring from geographic expedition ( location and find ) to development ( boring and production ) and marine transit. While some impacts may be unseeable to the bare eyes, there are a myriad of impacts and environmental branchings that the public must cognize about before sing offshore boring. ; and eventually the ultimate effects it will hold on the opportunities of working other marine resources that will hold small or no negative effects on the environment, the marine beings and worlds.AIMS AND OBJECTIVESBy analysis of H2O samples utilizing — — — — – setup, observation of marine life signifiers and deposits analysis for oozes of hydrocarbons in them utilizing — — — — — – equipment, this survey will: 1. Outline possible impacts of offshore crude oil geographic expedition and development 2. Chase away the legion myths that have been put forth by oil boring advocates. 3. Suggests options that will accomplish energy independency from fossil fuel 4. Analyze the effects of seaward oil boring on the opportunities of working other marine resources that will hold small or no negative effects on the Marine environment, marine beings and worlds.ActivitiesTo ease this survey and accomplish the set aims, the undermentioned activities will be carried out: Available literature on the effects of seaward oil boring will be extensively reviewed. This will organize a footing for this research Qualitative modeling to measure the direct impact of each phase of oil boring on the marine ecosystem and coastal countries Exploration of possible options to fossil fuels with really small or no hurtful effects on the environment.MethodThe information ( where available ) , samples of H2O and may be life signifiers that will be observed during this survey will be sourced from — — — — — — offshore platforms located at — — — — — — — . Besides, peoples ‘ single sentiments will be sought to find the extent to which offshore geographic expedition affects them. If decently done, this rating will be a valuable tool for avoiding possible environmental and aquatic jeopardies occasioned by ceaseless development offshore. These methods may alter depending on when this surveies will get down and the development of more powerful tools and techniques that will be more efficient, give truth and lucidity of consequences ; and besides be cost effectual.EXPECTED OUTPUTSThe universe ‘s oceans and beaches are critical recreational, economic and ecological hoarded wealths that will be polluted by an addition in offshore crude oil boring. Alternatively of recommending for transient and environmentally less harmful ways to run into the planetary demand for oil, we should seek a comprehensive and environmentally sustainable energy program that will include energy preservation and may be fuel efficiency if we must utilize fossil fuel. After the purposes and objectives that this survey sets out to accomplish has been attained, it is expected that the consequences obtained and observations made will: 1. Deter crude oil industry ‘s participants and their affiliates from offshore development. 2. Cause us to look towards developing sustainable energy solutions that includes renewable beginnings and preservation that will protect our natural resources, instead than boring for fossil fuels off our oceans. 3. Cause us to ablactate ourselves off the over-dependence on oil to salvage our environment and cut down the worsening consequence of clime alteration. 4. Save and protect our coastlines from industrialisation. 5. Chase away the assorted myths that advocates of seaward development are invariably seeking to jostle down our pharynxs. 6. Promote a rush in the figure of ocean protection protagonists.RestrictionSince the informations to be used for this work were non generated personally, some degrees of uncertainness as to the truth of the work exist. Problemn, may originate during sample Problems with package use may originate if tutorial is non given.Duration OF PROJECTAll things being equal, research undertaking continuance is expected to cross a period of three old ages, between the beginning of the work and entry of bound study. A Gantt chart, ( an illustration is shown below ) will be used to demo a dislocation of what and when an activity will be carried out. An activity, whenever completed will be struck off to give lucidity to works yet to be done.UndertakingDurationApr.MayJun.Jul.Aug.Sept.Oct.NovResearch Definition/Proposal Submission 5 hebdomadsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAInterim presentation/proposal defense mechanism 1 twenty-four hoursAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAALiterature research and background surveies 4 hebdomadsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPetrel G & A ; G tutorial 1 hebdomadAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAModelling/ analyses utilizing package 3 hebdomadsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQuantitative modelling/ design surveies 2 hebdomadsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACompilation/ presentation of patterning consequences to supervisor 1 hebdomadsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAWrite-up 3 hebdomadsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAASubmission of bill of exchange for cogent evidence reading/supervisor ‘s sign-off 2 yearssAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAlteration of study 2 hebdomadsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAApproval/submission of concluding study 3 yearssAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPresentation and oral session 1 hebdomadAAAAAAAATable 1: Example of a typical Gnatt ChartSummaryOffshore oil boring and oil spills have the possible to critically impact pristine Marine ecosystems. While there are legion environmental jobs associated with oil boring, there are besides negative economic impacts that we merely can non afford during difficult economic times. It is imperative that we switch off from an old mentality of trusting on fossil fuels. Climate alteration and other environmental jobs are non waiting for us to reconstruct our energy portfolio. Oil boring and continued usage of fossil fuels will merely worsen clime alteration, and maintain us trapped in a backward frame of head which overlooks sustainable energy and preservation. New offshore boring is non portion of the reply to sustainable energy instead the replies for sustainable energy is already gazing us right in the face. At the completion of this survey, recommendations will be suggested that will restrict or wholly extinguish the impacts of offshore geographic expedition and development.

Laser Scanning Microscopy The WritePass Journal

Laser Scanning Microscopy 1. Objective Laser Scanning Microscopy 1. Objective2. Introduction 3. Materials and Devices5. Principle of Imaging in 3 Dimensions  DataAnalysisRelated 1. Objective   To image a sample of rhodamine-doped polystyrene etched with various shapes, using a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope and to analyse the sample topography by 2D and 3D reconstruction of the sample image. 2. Introduction This CLSM design combined the laser scanning method with the 3D detection of biological objects labeled with  fluorescent markers  for the first time..laser   scanning   microscopy, the   object   or   specimen   surface is scanned point by   point by a focused   laser   beam. The   image   or   other   characteristic   of   the   object   is then   generated   by   an electronic   system.   In a scanning laser microscope detecting   fluorescent light from the specimen, the depth-discriminating property of   confocal   scanning   has   been   used   to   carry   out   optical   slicing   of   a thick   specimen.   The   recorded   digital   images constitute   a   three-dimensional   raster   covering   a   volume   of   the   specimen.   The   specimen   has   been   visualized   in stereo and   rotation   by making look-through projections of the   digital data   in different directions. 3. Materials and Devices A rhodamine-doped polystyrene sample etched with different shapes mounted onto a glass slide has already been prepared. A Zeiss LSM 510 META Axiovert 200M confocal microscope is used for imaging the sample. Fig. 1 A Zeiss LSM 510 META laser scanning confocal microscope []. 4. CLSM-principles,working of the technique, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy is a novel optical imaging technique that merges the technology of a Laser Scanning Microscope and a Confocal Microscope resulting in high resolution images CLSM enables to form images from selected depths from within the sample (z stacks) and generate a 3D image of a specimen by stacking 2D images from successive depths []. In this technique, a laser beam is passed through an aperture and focused by an objective lens onto a small area of the specimen. The reflected light (laser light and fluorescent light from illumination of the sample) is collected by the objective lens, and passed through a pinhole which removes ‘out of focus‘light and only allows light from the plane of focus to reach the detector which is a photo multiplier tube enabled with a filter that blocks the original laser light thus allowing the detection of the excited fluorescent wavelengths alone []. The laser beam scans the specimen point by point thus resulting in the formation of the images pixel by pixel, which can be viewed on a screen [][]. Since the scanning process in a CLSM is in a point wise fashion, in order to obtain data from, the entire sample, the specimen is moved relative to the laser beam or the laser beam is guided across the sample and CLSMs are as such also referred to as point-probing scanners [][]. The advantages of this imaging technique over other techniques are numerous such as obtaining high-resolution  optical images with depth selectivity, higher level of sensitivity, less invasive form of imaging, ability to acquire in-focus images from selected depths ( a process known as  optical sectioning) and thereby reconstructed with a computer to obtain three-dimensional reconstructions of  samples. For the study of the rhodamine-doped polystyrene sample, a 40x C-Apochromat water-based lens was used and the CLSM imaging specifications were set to a frame size of 512512 pixels, the depth was set to 8 bit, scan direction was set to a single direction. By varying the pinhole diameter, the degree of confocality can be varied and here the pinhole was set to 1 Airy unit. Thus only the first order of the diffraction pattern reaches the detector while the higher orders are blocked, thus improves the resolution but also results in a slight decrease in brightness. Also the laser wavelength required to successfully image the rhodamine doped polystyrene sample is xxxxx []. 5. Principle of Imaging in 3 Dimensions   Plan how to experimentally characterise the surface topography (height of the geometric structures) 5. Preparation of sample and Imaging and Characterisation of Surface Topography with astd errors Imaging in 3 DimensionsThis is carried out by altering the level at which the sample is observed ie by altering the plane of focus. Thus by changing this, a series of images at different positions can be produced that spans through the through the sample thickness. Thus resulting in a series of X-Y images at different Z axis positions. Therefore by optical sectioning a series of images are obtained which are then digitally reconstructed by computer softwares to give 3D representations of the sample. In this experiment, the surface topography f the rhodamine doped polystyrene sample is carried out by performing a z- stack [][]. The boundaries of the scan are set by using the focus control and marking the top and bottom of the sample. Thus between these boundaries a series of images are taken at different z- axis and a projection of the images are performed. The parameters taken for the projection are- Initial Angle of 0 °, number of projections is 64 and a Difference Angle of 6 degr ees. Data 2 D and 3 D images of a rhodamine doped polystyrene sample etched with various shapes were taken. The images show that the surface of the polystyrene sample consists of circular, triangular and square micropillars with varying heights. With the help of 3D reconstruction of the ample topography, the heights of the micropillars were calculated. A series of three z stacks were performed for each kind of micropillar (circular, square and triangular respectively) and their heights were determined. Analysis The errors associated with the measurement of the height of each micropillar has been calculated by using standard deviation method and the following bar graphs have been plotted with the error bars denoting the standard deviation. The images obtained from the of rhodamine-doped polystyrene The consequences of quenching and photobleaching are suffered in practically all forms of fluorescence   microscopy, The two phenomena are   distinct in that quenching is often reversible whereas photobleaching is not . Most quenching processes act to reduce the excited   state lifetime and the quantum yield of the affected   fluorophore. photobleaching (also   termed fading) occurs when a fluorophore permanently   loses the ability to fluoresce due to photon-induced   chemical damage and covalent modification   An important class of photobleaching events   is represented by events that are   photodynamic,   meaning they involve the interaction of the fluorophore   with a combination of light and oxygen (158-161).  Ã‚   Reactions between fluorophores and molecular oxygen   permanently destroy fluorescence and yield a free radical   singlet oxygen species that can chemically modify other   molecules in living cell Comparison of LSM with atomic force microscopy (AFM) in view of application to biology Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) has found   tremendous application in the field of   biology ranging from  cell biology  and  genetics  to  microbiology  and  developmental biology. It allows imaging thin optical sections in living and fixed specimens ranging in thickness up to 100 micrometers. advantages, including the ability to control depth of field, 3D reconstrucyion of images, non-invasive nature, enables study of both   living and fixed specimens with enhanced clarity.. Additional advantages of scanning confocal   microscopy include the ability to adjust magnification   electronically by varying the area scanned by the laser   without having to change objectives (zoom factor). CLSM has the advantage of not requiring a probe to be suspended nanometers from the surface, as in an  AFM   for example, where the image is obtained by scanning with a fine tip over a surface. tomic Force Microscopy  (AFM)  is a powerful form of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) that performs its imaging function by measuring a local property of the surface being inspected, such as its height, optical absorption, or magnetic properties.   AFM employs a probe or tip thats positioned very close to surface to get these measurements The ability to monitor this deflection allows the AFM to create an image of the sample non-destructively even if the tip is continuously in contact with the sample. To prevent the cantilever tip from damaging the surface of the sample, it is maintained at a constant angular deflection so that the force applied by the tip on the surface is also kept constant.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contact mode imaging  employs a soft cantilevered beam that has a sharp tip at its end, which is brought in contact with the surface of the sample.  Ã‚  The force between the tip and the sample causes the cantilever to deflect in accordance with Hookes Law, exhibiting a spring constant th The  advantages  of AFM include the following: 1) it generates true, 3-dimensional surface images; 2) it does not require special sample treatments that can result in the samples destruction or alteration; and 3) it does not require a vacuum environment in order to operate (it can operate in both air and liquid).   On the other hand, itsdisadvantages  include the following: it is slow in scanning an image A stand-alone atomic force microscope (AFM) has been developed, which features a large scan area and which allows operation under liquid. This system was combined with a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Information about cell structures, obtained by CLSM, can be complemented with images of the cell surface obtained with the AFM. References [1]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Claxton N S, Fellers T J, Davidson M W. Laser scanning confocal microscopy.  olympusconfocal.com/theory/LSCMIntro.pdf [2]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   S. Wilhelm, B. Grà ¶bler, M. Gluch, and Hartmut Heinz, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy: Optical Image Formation and Electronic Signal Processing, Jena, Germany: Carl Zeiss Advanced Imaging Microscopy, 2003. [3]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     C. J. R. Sheppard and D. M. Shotton, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Oxford, United Kingdom: BIOS Scientific Publishers, 1997. [4]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   T. Wilson (ed.), Confocal Microscopy, New York: Academic Press, 1990. [5]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   J. W. Lichtmann, Confocal Microscopy, Scientific American, 40-45, August, 1994. [6]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. R. Hibbs, Confocal Microscopy for Biologists, New York: Kluwer Academic, 2004. [7]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   W. B. Amos and J. G. White, How the Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope entered Biological Research, Biology of the Cell, 95: 335-342, 2003. [8]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   J. B. Pawley (ed.), Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy, New York: Plenum Press, 1995. [9]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Adhesion Enhancement through Micropatterning at Polydimethylsiloxane−Acrylic Adhesive Interface M. Lamblet,†¡Ã‚  E. Verneuil,† Ã‚ §Ã‚  T. Vilmin,†¡Ã‚  A. Buguin,† P. Silberzan,† Ã‚  and L. Là ©ger*†¡ ..Langmuir,  2007,  23  (13), pp 6966–6974 DOI:  10.1021/la063104h.Publication Date (Web): May 19, 2007 [10]   T. Kodama, et al., Development of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope/Atomic Force Microscope System for Force Curve Measurement, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 43, issue 7B, pp. 4580-4583, 2004. [11]   C. A. J. Putman, et al.,  Ã¢â‚¬ËœAtomic force microscopy combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy: A new look at cells’, Bioimaging, vol. 1,  issue 2, pp. 63–70,  June 1993.[12]   13]   [14]   E. Meyer, ‘Atomic force microscopy’, Progress in Surface Science vol. 41, issue 1, pp. 3-49, 1992.

Word Choice Pray vs. Prey

Word Choice Pray vs. Prey Word Choice: Pray vs. Prey The mantis is an interesting creature: It looks like it’s praying, but it’s really preying. Not sure of the difference between those activities? That’s okay. The words â€Å"pray† and â€Å"prey† sound identical, so it’s easy to get them mixed up in writing. But we’ve prepared this quick guide to clear things up. Please do not let the alien-looking killer insect thing distract you from the important topic of spelling.(Photo: ElinaElena) Pray (Appeal to God) The word â€Å"pray† is always a verb. Typically, it means â€Å"appeal to a god or another object of worship.† For example, we might say: The priest prayed for the health of her congregation. Here, we use â€Å"prayed† to mean â€Å"asked God for something.† But we can use it less literally to mean â€Å"ask or hope fervently for something.† For instance: We’ve organized a barbecue, so we’re praying for sunshine tomorrow. In this case, the speaker is still asking for something. But â€Å"praying for sunshine† is more likely to be a figurative expression of hope for clement weather than a literal appeal for divine intervention. Prey (Hunt or Victimize) â€Å"Prey† can be either a verb or a noun. As a verb, its main meaning is â€Å"act like a predator.† Usually, this refers to an animal hunting and killing something for food (i.e., predation). We can return to our insect friend here: The mantis preys on smaller insects, including spiders. More figuratively, we can use â€Å"prey† to mean â€Å"victimize† or â€Å"exploit†: Phone scammers often prey on the elderly. Here, we’re not saying that phone scammers kill and eat the elderly. Rather, â€Å"prey on† in this context means â€Å"target due to their perceived vulnerability.† As a noun, meanwhile, â€Å"prey† refers to the object of predation (i.e., the thing being preyed on). This applies in both the literal and figurative senses of predation set out above. For example: Rabbits are frequently prey for hawks and eagles. The mugger stalked his prey through the dark streets. In all cases, though, the word â€Å"prey† is related to predatory behavior. Summary: Pray or Prey? Although these words sound the same, they’re very distinct in meaning: To pray is to make an appeal to a god or an object of worship. In a non-religious context, â€Å"pray† can also mean â€Å"hope for something very much.† As a verb, prey means to hunt and kill something (usually for food), although it can mean â€Å"victimize† more generally. As a noun, â€Å"prey† is the subject of predatory behavior (i.e., the thing that is hunted). And if you’d like a little more help ensuring your work is error free, you can always send us a document for proofreading.

Science Has the Potential to Destroy Us

Science Has the Potential to Destroy Us Take a look at three scientific endeavors that argue the fact that science can perpetuate evil. Science Has the Potential to Destroy Us Our lifetime has seen amazing feats in science and technology. We can video-chat with people continents away; cars are driving themselves, and we can check our email on a phone in the remote wilderness. In general, science has improved the world, mostly human-to-human communication, but in several other ways, too. It can be said it’s been a tool of goodness. But unfortunately science can also go too far in the other direction: It can perpetuate evil, wrongdoing, and oppression. Take one look at three scientific endeavors that argue this case, that science can – and has gone – too far in the wrong direction: biological warfare, cloning, and artificial intelligence. To begin with, science is defined as the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. In other words, science serves to bind all living beings together, in a sense bettering our understanding of the world and of each other. But it goes too far. Science is also used to tear people apart, kill entire populations of people, and start wars. Without science, there would be no biological warfare – the use of toxins of biological origin or microorganisms as weapons of war: airborne illness used to damage the enemy or its people, for example. This is one instance where science goes much too far – and also too far in the wrong direction. It is using the understanding of the human body and science to then impose massive, deadly illnesses on a city. This is not what science was meant to do; the complete opposite, actually. Secondly, science goes too far in human cloning, too. Cloning is when an organism or cell, or group of organisms or cells, is produced asexually from one ancestor or stock, to which they are genetically identical. It is taking the DNA of one organism and replicating it – sort of like making a twin. Not only is it unethical to clone people, even animals, it is going against nature – the nature that decides what is made, what dies, and what is reborn. It is essentially science playing God. But science is not God – it is the study, and practice, of dissecting and better understanding of God’s work. And it goes too far when it puts God’s work in its hand, taking responsibility for what Nature has created – the way things will always be and have been. To think otherwise is asking for a defeat. Nature has survived wars, ice ages, and extreme weather – it will never back down, it always wins. Lastly, another example of when science goes too far is in the creation of artificial intelligence. It is the theory and development of computer systems that are able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making and translation between languages. Robots may one day be able to destroy or govern mankind. Robots can be made less vulnerable than humans, less susceptible to diseases and injury, but can mimic humans and perform the tasks they perform. How is this going too far? Well, for one, by potentially making humans obsolete. Artificial Intelligence has the potential to rise up against humankind, in turn destroying the human race. This is bad because of the Human Race, whether we want to believe it or not, is home to planet Earth – and we are part of the ecosystem, as well. Without us, nature would be missing a key ingredient. This could then potentially end the Earth. IS SCIENCE ATHEISTIC? In concluding this argument, it’s important to consider the future. With the way humans are depending more and more on science to live our daily lives, our species will surely not exist a couple hundred years from now. Science will not only go too far in the near future, it’s already going too far. And it’s frightening. Surely scientists themselves must know this and realize the depths of this potentially disastrous situation we may soon found ourselves in. Also, there’s more to worry about than just biological warfare, cloning, and Artificial Intelligence – therere tons of ways science goes too far. It used to be that oil industry fueled the cars for people to get around where they needed to go just a bit faster. Now it’s a multi-billion dollar industry. Countries go to war and kill innocent people for it. Science went much too far on that one.

The Undue Weight of Truth on Wikipedia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Undue Weight of Truth on Wikipedia - Essay Example In this context, Wikipedia identifies the avoidance of undue weight by, not recognizing minority views as representing widely held viewpoint. This is guided by the view that, minority held views give rise to undue weight, in relation to the truth. Wikipedia requires the minority views to rely on sources from majority viewpoints, and further, avoid reflecting on content sourced from a minority point of view. Wikipedia further suggest that, minority views serve to represent articles focusing on the views of the minority. The intention by Wikipedia in this sense involves presenting competing viewpoints in relation to support from sources considered as reliable (Messer-Kruse). Replacing the truth by adopting a policy of neutrality, may result in the exclusion of true information in the main space. Such is the case that affects recognized experts like Timothy Messer-Kruse, concerning the article â€Å"Haymarket affair†. Timothy complained about his contributions concerning the topi c, being watered down or scrapped off. Wikipedia focuses on epistemological standards considered radically different compared to other standards. Such standards are unfounded because Wikipedia depends on a Web oriented community. This impacts on scholars whose main aim involves a focus on traditional notions in regard to accuracy and the truth. Objective truth does not form an important aspect of the Wikipedia’s policies concerning determining the truth. Wikipedia recognizes the truth based on the frequency of a viewpoint on other publications. In this sense, as long as a new viewpoint is supported by other publication that exists online, that is enough process for Wikipedia to affirm due weight on a new view point(Messer-Kruse). Contrary to Wikipedia’s assertion of neutrality, an ideal process, entails a fair representation of all views, whether minority or majority point of view. Presenting a subject that does not imply biases, but entails focusing attention on how v iews, arguments and wordings are mentioned. Messer-Kruse took over a decade researching on the 1886 â€Å"Haymaker affair†, but received approval from a minority group of scholars. Wikipedia on its part relied on secondary publications to inform on the same topic. The idea of including the views of others concerning a scholarly article may compromise the originality of the information. This results from views, presented in a different perspective, but relating to the same topic. As noticed by Timothy while editing a Wikipedia article, the consideration of numerous views results in misleading assertions. The process of due weight in relation to truth denies the minority a chance to reflect their views in regard to an issue. Timothy conducted further research concerning evidence provided and added this to Wikipedia’s editing log. However, because of maintaining the policy of neutrality, Timothy’s assertions were not added due to lack of reliable sources as require d by the policy of neutrality. The reliance on prominent sources denies scholars the chance to document on concrete views and contributes to relevant information to the readers. Further, the existence of a policy that denies minority views an equal opportunity to provide relevant information to readers may lead to misinformation. In the same light, majority view impact on negatively on research conducted by the minority views since, the minority views are documented on a limited number of scholarly materials. As noted by Timothy, the policy related to undue weight, creates a problem in terms of denying recognition for published articles by minority views. This creates a situation where, biased documentation of scholarly materials do not recognize the views from both sides of the spectrum. For

Principles of Archaeology - journal article review

Principles of Archaeology - journal review - Article Example The findings are suggested to have reduced the likelihood of social variance. However, perhaps more importantly, the evidence suggests that both animals and grain were important to the residents as a production of surplus. Hubbard (2010) suggests that the animals were likely used to provide fuel (from dung) and to provide milk for nutrition, with the animals having a similar role to the grain silos in this scenario. Additionally, the Chacolithic period to which the Tel Tsaf site dates was a transition point from ‘egalitarian villages’ (p1131) to the more stratified world of towns and cities, with mixed architecture such as that at Tel Tsaf representing that change. Hubbard (2010) suggests that further excavations are needed, but Tel Tsaf could be seen as a snapshot from the era and may provide clues as to the evolution of this changing economy. Additionally, the use of two distinct building styles for two distinct purposes challenges the archaeological assumption that th is represents social inequality. In this case, micromorphology suggests that architecture represents function and speciality rather than any differences between social groups in the community. Hubbard (2010) also draws special attention to the fact that micromorphology (a relatively new discipline) has been used to draw conclusions about the site, representing the use of such investigatory techniques in world archaeology. Methods & Data This paper is essentially descriptive, taking data from the Tel Tsaf site in Israel and putting them into an archaeological context. To do this, a lot of data was gleaned from the excavation. Data from excavations at the site from between 2004 and 2007 was used, both large-scale and micromorphological. The large-scale results were used to indicate the underlying architecture of the village, as well as the architecture of the individual structures and their layout. Excavation also found paved grain silos from the village. Micromorphology samples were taken from the buildings identified from the excavation. These samples were analysed using polarising petrographic microscopes at both the University of Reading, UK and the University of Toronto, Canada. Arguments & Conclusions The main argument of the paper is that the micromorphology of the site accounts for the differences in architecture found between the buildings. Instead of assuming that these differences provide evidence of different living styles (for example, between socio-economic classes) the micromorphology provides evidence of ‘dung spherulites and some scattered reed phytoliths’ (p1128), commonly associated with animal usage of an area. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that the differences in size and shape between the major courtyards appears to be linked to differences in function of the rooms, although there is less data given to suggest this difference amongst the human accommodation buildings. The paper also draws upon other findings to hypothesize that the animals kept in these round structures may have been kept for milk and cheese. To gain milk and cheese from the animals, it is necessary to limit the suckling, so the presence of multiple structures may indicate that this indeed was the case. Additionally, the presence of a separate enclosed area may represent a milking facility through which to provide these substances to the community. Micromorphology also identified that the majority of animals kept on the site

Excersice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Excersice - Essay Example Then, there is need to acknowledge counterarguments from opponents which would then be factually refuted to support the thesis (Axelrod and Cooper 201). This convinces the audience of the argument. I have applied this understanding, not just in writing argumentative essays, but also in leisure writing. I have strived to back up all my writing works with credible evidence. I now appreciate that I write best in a quiet environment and when I have adequate time. Quietness enables me to understand the arguments I would want to raise and passing across such arguments in written form. The need for adequate time is informed by the need to proofread and appropriately revise the given work. As such, I have better understanding on writing. Furthermore, the course made me more aware of critical writing aspects. First, I have gained knowledge on how to effectively support my ideas. Whereas I could have ideas, effective writing would require that I support such ideas with evidence from other sources. Among the many possible sources, credibility of such sources would directly impact on the credibility of my writing hence the need to support my arguments with evidence from credible sources. Scholarly sources are credible. Such evidence could be borrowed word for word from the source of evidence. This would require such evidence to be under quotes if not more than forty words. If more than forty words, then it would be cited in block form and indented without quotation marks (Axelrod and Cooper 433). Of importance is to attribute it to the author(s) and indicating the page from which such was borrowed. Even when paraphrasing, it is important to indicate the author and the page from which the information was borrowed from. A cquiring this knowledge has made me more aware about academic writing. To become a better and effective writer, I seek to continue honing my writing skills. During my leisure, I intend to pick random

Persuasive Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Persuasive Speech - Essay Example Bright packing, celebrities advertising these or those goods, enormous list of ingredients, higher prices, lower prices, discounts- all the means are justified in achieving this goal. It seemed that food producers suffered and struggled seriously until the concept of organic food was invented. However, it is possible to state that organic food existed as long as humanity itself but only in our time it became trendy when people understood that it can bring money. Selling organic producers play on our subconscious desire to buy best product, the most nutritious and the least harmful, however, in reality it is only the way to buy old goods under new names in new packing. So it is important to find out what organic food is basically and why it has become so popular. Because it turns out that third part of American consumers prefer organic products to conventional products and are ready to spend extra money buying them despite the fact that the crucial difference between these two kinds of products was not established (Warner, 2005). In this essay I will try to outline the difference between organic and inorganic food and prove that organic food is just another method of selling products for higher prices. This will be done to make readers understand that the label â€Å"organic† must be perceived as additional advertisement not as absolute mark of quality (Blair, 2012). First of all organic products are those products which are grown without any chemicals, such as synthetic pesticides, artificial fertilizers, radiation aimed to kill bacteria. As for the animals the label organic signifies that animals were fed organic food only and were treate d without antibiotics and hormones (Blair, 2012). These chemicals became popular in the 20th century as they allow protecting crops from pests. In the United States of America farmers must adhere to certain rules and regulation to be allowed to call their products organic. USDA regulates adherence to these regulations.

Spencer Johnson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spencer Johnson - Essay Example In this light, the need to find ways to deal with challenges presented by the flurry of change in our life becomes of the most urgent and demanding. In this regard, the book "Who Moved My Cheese" by Spencer Johnson that I had recently read is addressed exactly to those who seek ways to effectively manage changes in their lives. One of the main points of the author is that change as such can not only bring anxiety, but good opportunities as well. How we perceive changes depends on our attitudes towards life and valuable things in it, which the author calls 'cheese'. Thus, the principal message of Johnsons book is that if we begin to understand the true value of 'cheese' in our life, and develop a realistic and positive attitude to changes that seem to move our cheese away from us, we can become much more successful and effective in managing our well-being. It is not accidental that the book "Who Moved My Cheese" depicts a maze in which four characters live, because the maze represents our path towards happiness in life, and the four characters with their different attitudes represent different parts of human nature. Trying to sho w readers the inherent simplicity of insights offered in the book, the author manages to convince that everyone can courageously confront change in different spheres of our life, like career, family, health, spiritual growth, etc. Now, it is no wonder that, in light of what we had initially observed, the book "Who Moved My Cheese" has become so much popular throughout the world as it addresses one of the most universal problems of modernity. And while some could blame this work on being somewhat simplistic, I am sure that most people would find it nevertheless very helpful and encouraging. Personally, upon reading this book and taking some time to contemplate on its messages I began to become aware of how fear and psychological effects of change influence my life. I found especially inspiring the proposal from "Who Moved My Cheese" to imagine what I would do if I were not afraid, and I must confess that now I realize that there are a lot of things which I would like to change in my life, but which I have been afraid to abandon because of the uncertainty about what a change can bring. At the same time, the mentioned book made me think that some larger problems could also be fixed by application of the offered principles. For instance, many religion-based conflicts could disappear if those who perceive their religions as endangered in the modern world were to realize that changes are not inherently bad, but, being inevitable, changes offer benefits as well. This ability of principles and approaches advanced by the author to be applicable for both personal and global realms of our life testifies to their validity. In this regard, I can define three general conclusions that I made after reading this book and that have influenced my values and my understanding of peculiarities and demands of our modern life. Firstly, it is important to point out that one of the main traits of modernity is the complexity and interdependency of phenomena that surround us, be they social, economic, cultural or physical in nature. On the other hand, one of the main traits of human nature is the propensity for investigating the world we live in. Thus, as for example science has a developed methodology for studying its subjects, a person who aims to

International relations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

International relations - Assignment Example For instance, in 1990, China maintained a fledgling securities market as a result of Chinese government influence and control over domestic businesses. However, with more incentives being offered to foreign companies for foreign direct investment in China, now the securities market is valued at over one trillion RMB (Liang & Useem, 2009). Advances in Chinese industry (and other developing nations) have improved their gross domestic product and enhanced government economic strength. This has given other nations, other than the hegemonic United States, more authority in military development and economic strength which alters diplomatic and other political strategies rather than having a dominant U.S. dictate international policy. Furthermore, with the development of the World Trade Organization, the interests of free trade between nations (which contributes to economic health of foreign states) have created more multilateral agreements that are of benefit to all member nations. This, too, challenges the dominance of the United States as a global hegemonic authority. As more foreign nations begin to recognize the advantages of adopting neoliberal policies directed at supporting a more capitalistic system, the economic advantages and military advantages once held by the United States are challenged by more stable governments and economic systems in foreign states. Religion is a factor that challenges success in all aspects of globalization. Islam, as one example, maintains a mass following in many Middle Eastern nations. Religion, however, can challenge the power of the state through membership volume and restricting foreign direct investment by many businesses looking for new market entry as a result of conflict over product and service philosophy. This reduces economic security of hegemonic states by slowing FDI that brings substantial government

Spencer Johnson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spencer Johnson - Essay Example In this light, the need to find ways to deal with challenges presented by the flurry of change in our life becomes of the most urgent and demanding. In this regard, the book "Who Moved My Cheese" by Spencer Johnson that I had recently read is addressed exactly to those who seek ways to effectively manage changes in their lives. One of the main points of the author is that change as such can not only bring anxiety, but good opportunities as well. How we perceive changes depends on our attitudes towards life and valuable things in it, which the author calls 'cheese'. Thus, the principal message of Johnsons book is that if we begin to understand the true value of 'cheese' in our life, and develop a realistic and positive attitude to changes that seem to move our cheese away from us, we can become much more successful and effective in managing our well-being. It is not accidental that the book "Who Moved My Cheese" depicts a maze in which four characters live, because the maze represents our path towards happiness in life, and the four characters with their different attitudes represent different parts of human nature. Trying to sho w readers the inherent simplicity of insights offered in the book, the author manages to convince that everyone can courageously confront change in different spheres of our life, like career, family, health, spiritual growth, etc. Now, it is no wonder that, in light of what we had initially observed, the book "Who Moved My Cheese" has become so much popular throughout the world as it addresses one of the most universal problems of modernity. And while some could blame this work on being somewhat simplistic, I am sure that most people would find it nevertheless very helpful and encouraging. Personally, upon reading this book and taking some time to contemplate on its messages I began to become aware of how fear and psychological effects of change influence my life. I found especially inspiring the proposal from "Who Moved My Cheese" to imagine what I would do if I were not afraid, and I must confess that now I realize that there are a lot of things which I would like to change in my life, but which I have been afraid to abandon because of the uncertainty about what a change can bring. At the same time, the mentioned book made me think that some larger problems could also be fixed by application of the offered principles. For instance, many religion-based conflicts could disappear if those who perceive their religions as endangered in the modern world were to realize that changes are not inherently bad, but, being inevitable, changes offer benefits as well. This ability of principles and approaches advanced by the author to be applicable for both personal and global realms of our life testifies to their validity. In this regard, I can define three general conclusions that I made after reading this book and that have influenced my values and my understanding of peculiarities and demands of our modern life. Firstly, it is important to point out that one of the main traits of modernity is the complexity and interdependency of phenomena that surround us, be they social, economic, cultural or physical in nature. On the other hand, one of the main traits of human nature is the propensity for investigating the world we live in. Thus, as for example science has a developed methodology for studying its subjects, a person who aims to

Al Qaidas Next Major Domestic Attack on the United States Essay

Al Qaidas Next Major Domestic Attack on the United States - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that 21st century marked with the huge terrorist threat over the world. It goes without saying that, the Al Qaeda is the most notorious among those terrorist groups. This group maintains a vast and organized networks throughout the world. Now the Al Queda is likely to launch a huge terrorist attack mainly on the non-Islamic and developed countries of the world. Now the most warned target of Al Qaeda's massive terrorist attack in the U.S.A. However, it started its full-fledged attack on September 11, 2001, on U.S.A resulting in the ‘World Trade Centre’ totally damaged and U.S.A defense installation Pentagon was also affected badly.Though the two famous American intelligence agencies FBI and CIA guessed about the probability of a terrorist attack they could not imagine that could be such a terrible one. However, from that time those intelligent agencies are very much conscious about the further possibility of any massive terroris t attack on U.S.A by Al-Qaeda or any other terrorist group. The plan, which is focused for the first time in the Australian publication that their duration is of seven phases. They started their first horrible activities concerning U.S.A on 11th September in 2001 A.D. On that very day they attacked the world trade center known as 9/11 attack. the object of this was the awakening in the consciousness of   Mohammedans all over the world and aimed at provoking the U.S.A into announcing war on the Muslim world and mobilizing radicals.... The battalion is also spread all over the world and devoted to their assigned afforded to form their own secret battalion which is huge in number and scientifically trained. The battalion is also spread all over the world and devoted to their assigned who are not fearful about their lives rather interested to even sacrifice themselves for the sake of Islam. However another alarming thing is that, Al Qaeda does not have face any difficulties to manage the necessary manpower from the third world Islamic countries. Due to economic insufficiency and lack of proper knowledge of Islam those people do not hesitate in joining Al Qaeda network. As an ultimate result Al Qaeda is increasing its network across the world within the least possible time. 3. Probably in the year 2010 the world is going to see a terrible aggression on the secular countries like Turkey and archenemy Israel. Al Qaeda is likely take preparation towards this direction. They insist on the principle that, no anti-Islam power will be shared from the attack of al Qaeda. 4. Another alarming plan of Al Qaeda is that, it decided to run a massive attack on the hatred Arab regimes, including Saudi Arabia and Jordan and other countries. Because, those countries are the main oil suppliers of the U.S.A and other non-Muslim western countries. Attacking them, Al Qaeda wishes to destroy the enriched economy of the U.S.A creating a bar in the oil production and it's supply process to U.S.A. They also threat that the U.S.A economy will be affected with serious cyber terrorism. This attack may take place with the beginning of the year 2013 in a pre-planed way. 5. IN this phase Al Qaeda group extremely expect to establish an

Every Child Matters Act and the No Child Left Behind Act Essay Example for Free

Every Child Matters Act and the No Child Left Behind Act Essay Robinson 3rd hour Flanders A barrier for ensuring that all children in our community receive a high quality education would be the Every Child Matters Act and the No Child Left Behind Act. Ed. Gov states, â€Å"President Bush made a commitment to ensure that all children receive a high quality education so that no child is left behind. In just one year after the president first took office, the No Child Lefty behind Act (NCLB) passed overwhelmingly. No Child Left Behind has led to higher standards and greater accountability throughout the nation’s school systems. No Child Left Behind provides the schools with more funding, gives states and school districts more control and more flexibility to use resources where they are needed most, holds schools and school districts accountable for results, and may provide your child with free tutoring and extra help with school work. When it comes to improving education in our state I believe our priority is to improve teaching, make better finical investments in our education systems, and coming up with better way to get students more involved and excited to learn. I believe we need to look at how much we’ve already spent and what were using the money for and evaluate what we are receiving in return. Opening college doors to more high school students who don’t have the funds to pay for it themselves is also another way in improving education in our state, allowing more students to have the opportunity to receive a decent education. Offering more and specific work related classes that interest the student and offering high more challenging courses for the students as well. But its not just about what the state and community can do, but its also up to the parents. Parents and Guardians play a big part in helping improve our education systems. The role of parent and parental involvement in improving education in our state is being involved. Regardless of the family income or background students with involved parents are more likely to earn higher grades and test scores attend school regular basis. Students with involved parents tend to have better social skills, improved behavior, and graduate on time and attend college. Children who have parents who aren’t there to push and motivate them don’t make it quit far. Parental support is always needed and a big part of parental involvement. If your parent doesn’t care about your education or is involved regarding you education you’re going to feel as if it’s not so important. Parents can become more involved by talking to their child and the child’s teachers, making sure they know who is giving their child the education and to be sure the child is working to their best of their ability. Physical environment affect school climate and student achievement by depending on what goes on inside or outside of school of the school will the feelings expressed by students, teachers, staff and parents about school. If the child is placed into a negative environment outside of school there’s a big guarantee that it will be brought back into school by that child. There’s also a chance that other students may pick up vibes from another student rather its negative or positive. When the child is placed into a good positive environment outside of school more than likely he or she will feel more better about themselves and bring that attitude back into the school as well. A well disciplined environment, learning environment, social environment, and school-community relations all affect the schools climate and the achievements of the students who attend. When students have to travel outside their neighborhood to attend a great school their family looses time, money, and energy. To put your child in a school that is better than their neighborhood schools probably cost more and is a bit embarrassing to the community or area you reside in. You’re using more gas to provide your child transportation to attend this school. It also takes up more time to take and pick your child up from a school that’s more than 20 minutes away from where you live. Now with a lot of students coming from poorly educated schools to attend the good schools they are making the â€Å"good† public schools in that particular area look bad. Most Africa-American communities don’t care about attending school or getting a good education. Everyone wants to make it out on their own but it seems as if the younger generations don’t want to make the first step in receiving a good education. They don’t take getting a education as serious as they should. But not all African Americans in a community feel that way. I believe the African-American communities stand beside other communities in America with the problems in the system. I believe the African Americans stand beside other communities because most of them don’t care. From the looks of things I believe most African-Americans have the wrong mentality about school and life.

Unions Essay -- essays research papers

WHY HAVE UNIONS WITNESSED A DECLINE IN MEMBERSHIP IN RECENT YEARS? ITRODUCTION WHAT ARE UNIONS? UNIONS ARE INFLUENTIAL AND BROADLY BASED ORGANIZATIONS WHICH REPRESENT IT’S MEMBERS, WHO ARE USUALLY EMPLOYEE’S. THEY HAVE BEEN AROUND FOR A LONG IN AUSTRALIA AND EXPERIENCED MIXED RESPONSES FROM THE GENERAL PUBLIC AS WELL AS EMPLOYER’S. OBJECTIVES OF A UNION: THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF A UNION IS TO PROVIDE OR IMPROVE THE WELL-BEING OF IT’S MEMBER’S. IT WAS FORMED TO COUNER THE SUPERIOR ECONOMIC POWER OF EMPLOYER’S. IT’S MOST IMPORTANT FUNCTION IS TO MAXIMISE WAGES AND SALARIES SUBJECT TO CERTAIN EMPLOYMENT CONSTAINTS AND TO RAISE THE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH WORK IS DONE. WHY DO EMPLOYEE’S JOIN UNONS? AN EMPLOYEE CAN BE MOTIVATED BY INSTUMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS, IDEOLOGICAL BELIEFS OR SIMPLY COMPULSION, BUT THERE SEEMS TO BE 3 MAJOR FACTORS THAT LEAD EMPLOYEES TO BE UNIONIZED: DISSATISFACTION WITH THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE JOB DESIRE TO INFLUENCETHOSE ASPECTS OF THE WORK ENVIRONMENT THROUGH UNION ORIENTATED MEANS BELIEF THAT BENEFITS OF UNIONISM OUTWEIGH EXPECTED COSTS MOST COMMONLY, EMPLOYEE’S JOIN BECAUSE OF THEIR COMMITTMENT TO THE VALUES OR PRINCIPLES OF UNIONISM. (INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS- A CONTEMPORARY ANALYSIS, DEERY S., PLOWMAN D., WALSH J. P 7.16) WHY ARE UNIONS WITNESSING DECLINE? THERE ARE MANY POSSIBLE REASONS TO SUGGEST THE DECLINE IN MEMBERSHIP BUT 3 FACTORS STAND OUT: 1.) CHANGING COMPOSITION OF EMPLOYMENT - PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTOR MOST OF THE EMPLOYMENT GROWTH THAT OCCURED IN THE AUSTRALIAN ECONOMY IN THE 80’S AND 90’S WAS CONFINED TO THE PRIVATE SECTOR WHOSE UNION DENSITY RATE OF 25 % WAS CONSIDERABLY LOWER THAN THAT OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR WHICH WAS 56 %. IT WAS ESTIMATED THAT PUBLIC ENPLOYMENT FELL ALMOST 8 %. - STUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE MIX OF INDUSTRIES, SECTORS AND OCCUPATIONS. A CONTINUING DECLINE IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR TO OTHER SECTORS IN THE INDUSTRY. THE PROLIFERATION OF NON REGULAR FORMS OF EMPLOYMENT, PARTICULARLY CASUAL JOBS AND SELF-EMPLOYMENTAT THE EXPENSE OF TRADITONAL FULL TIME JOBS. BUT UNIONS ARE SEEMED TO BE BLAMED FOR THE LOW LEVEL REPRESENTATION OF CASUALS. UNIONS DO NOT RECRUIT CASUALS AS ASSIDUOUSLY AS FULL TIMERS, BECAUSE UF THE HIGH ORGANIZATIONAL COSTS INVOLVED. - SIZE OF THE FIRMS 70 % OF SMALL WORKPLACES WITH 5-19 EMPLOYEE’S HAD NO UNION MEMBER’S COMPARED WITH ONLY 4 % OF LARGE WOR... ...AND THEREAFTER FROM 1901 UNTIL 1921 WHERE UNION MEMBERSHIP GREW FROM VIRTUALLY 0 TO MORE THAN HALF OF THE AUSTRALIAN WORKFORCE, AND AGAIN A SLUMP UNTIL 1924. AS RESTRUCTURING IS IMPORTANT AND VITAL TO UNION MOVEMENTS, IT IS TIME CONSUMING AND IS A PROCEDURE WHICH HAS TO BE SLOWLY PHASED IN, DUE TO THESE FACTORS IT IS REGARDEDAS LONG TERM AND CANNOT BE CORRECTED OVERNIGHT. TO CONCLUDE, WE HAVE LOOKED AT ALL THE REASONS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DECLINING UNION MEMBERS IN AUSTRALIA. IN SPECULATION IT CAN BE SEEN THAT WHEN THIS DECLINE STARTED, WHAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE DECLINE AND THE EFFECTS SUFFERED BY UNIONS BECAUSE OF THIS DECLINE. BY COMPARING AUSTRALIA’S MEMBERSHIP DECLINE TO THAT OF OTHER COUNTRIES FACED WITH THE SAME PROBLEMS, IT CAN BE SEEN THAT THE FALL OF MEMBERSHIP HAS BEEN MODERATE. AS THIS PAPER OUTLINES, ALL THE VARIOS CAUSES CONTRIBUTING TO THESE PROBLEMS AND THE DIFFERENT SECTORS IN THE INDUSTRY FROM WHICH THESE PROBLEMS ORIGINATE, IT IS SAFE TO SAY THAT UNIONS ARE FACED WITH A DIFFICULT TASK OF RESTRUCTURING, BUT AS IN THE PAST WHERE THERE HAS BEEN DECREASES AND INCREASES IN UNION MEMBERSHIP, TIME WILL SHOW THE UNPREDICTABLE SHIFTS IN UNION MEMBERSHIPS IN AUSTRALIA.

College Athletes -- Pay for Play? Essay -- College Sports Salary Playe

College Athletes -- Pay for Play? There have been ongoing arguments over the past decade of whether or not college athletes should be paid to play. Many argue that they do not have time to get real jobs because the requirements for the sport that they participate in are far too demanding. Others cite that these athletes are provided full scholarships to attend the schools at which they are playing the sport. However regardless of the argument, I still feel that college athletes should NOT be paid to play.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  College athletes are not forced into playing the sport that they have devoted their time to during their years in secondary education. They continue to play into the college level for their love of the game. And for this, many college athletes are offered full scholarships. Today’s tuition for many schools are so expensive that without the scholarships that some of the students receive, they would not be able to attend college at all. For these students, college sports offer a great avenue to obtain an education that otherwise would not have been available for them. This allows them opportunity to study something that they can use to build a better life for themselves and their families.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people believe that the money generated from the sports played by these kids should be given back to them as they are the ones drawing the fans to these events. However few realize how little schools actually gain money by participating in the National Colligate Athletics Association. A recent study conducted by USA today showed that there are only 40 schools that consistently turn profits from the sports that they host. (Whiteside, USAtoday.com) This means that out of approximately 200 schools who participate in division one sports, only 1/5 actually would have money available to give back to the student athletes. Furthermore, it would be unfair to provide the students who play the sports, the money that is generated from their events, rather then putting the money back into the schools. Although these students participate and spend much of their time playing, they are no more special then the average student who attends the school. Putting the money back in to the school itself allows everyone a better education, rather then just a few students, some spending money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are also arguments that because of the rigorous sch... ...† says Myles Brand the president of the NCAA. (USAtoday.com) The program continually complains that providing players unsanctioned funds spoils fair competition between teams, because some players will only want to go to schools with a reputation for providing players extras such as money, cars etc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While there are several arguments for a pay for play program, the downside to these arguments outweigh any chance of a program ever being put into action. The NCAA maintains that it will never allow for such programs however they are trying to allow more freedoms to student athletes. These freedoms include bigger monthly stipends, and more money allowed per year in the Special Assistance Fund. If these adjustments can be made I feel as though it will never be necessary for a pay for play program, and the NCAA can maintain the integrity it hopes to achieve.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Work Cited Page 1) Whiteside, Kelly (2004) College Athletes Want a cut of the Action-http://www.usatoday.com/sports/2006-08-31-top-ten-number-7_x.htm (accessed November 28, 2006) 2) Fleck Jon (2002) College Athletes–pay for play?- http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/1-9-2006-9123.asp (Accessed November 28, 2006) College Athletes -- Pay for Play? Essay -- College Sports Salary Playe College Athletes -- Pay for Play? There have been ongoing arguments over the past decade of whether or not college athletes should be paid to play. Many argue that they do not have time to get real jobs because the requirements for the sport that they participate in are far too demanding. Others cite that these athletes are provided full scholarships to attend the schools at which they are playing the sport. However regardless of the argument, I still feel that college athletes should NOT be paid to play.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  College athletes are not forced into playing the sport that they have devoted their time to during their years in secondary education. They continue to play into the college level for their love of the game. And for this, many college athletes are offered full scholarships. Today’s tuition for many schools are so expensive that without the scholarships that some of the students receive, they would not be able to attend college at all. For these students, college sports offer a great avenue to obtain an education that otherwise would not have been available for them. This allows them opportunity to study something that they can use to build a better life for themselves and their families.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people believe that the money generated from the sports played by these kids should be given back to them as they are the ones drawing the fans to these events. However few realize how little schools actually gain money by participating in the National Colligate Athletics Association. A recent study conducted by USA today showed that there are only 40 schools that consistently turn profits from the sports that they host. (Whiteside, USAtoday.com) This means that out of approximately 200 schools who participate in division one sports, only 1/5 actually would have money available to give back to the student athletes. Furthermore, it would be unfair to provide the students who play the sports, the money that is generated from their events, rather then putting the money back into the schools. Although these students participate and spend much of their time playing, they are no more special then the average student who attends the school. Putting the money back in to the school itself allows everyone a better education, rather then just a few students, some spending money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are also arguments that because of the rigorous sch... ...† says Myles Brand the president of the NCAA. (USAtoday.com) The program continually complains that providing players unsanctioned funds spoils fair competition between teams, because some players will only want to go to schools with a reputation for providing players extras such as money, cars etc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While there are several arguments for a pay for play program, the downside to these arguments outweigh any chance of a program ever being put into action. The NCAA maintains that it will never allow for such programs however they are trying to allow more freedoms to student athletes. These freedoms include bigger monthly stipends, and more money allowed per year in the Special Assistance Fund. If these adjustments can be made I feel as though it will never be necessary for a pay for play program, and the NCAA can maintain the integrity it hopes to achieve.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Work Cited Page 1) Whiteside, Kelly (2004) College Athletes Want a cut of the Action-http://www.usatoday.com/sports/2006-08-31-top-ten-number-7_x.htm (accessed November 28, 2006) 2) Fleck Jon (2002) College Athletes–pay for play?- http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/1-9-2006-9123.asp (Accessed November 28, 2006)